SOURCES 01-12
Click a title to open the primary paper or official guidance. Numbers throughout the guide link here. Historical studies are labeled; publication year is not a claim that the estimate is current.
[01] CDC. Mycoplasma genitalium - STI Treatment Guidelines
2021 guideline; checked 2026. Clinical significance, testing, resistance-guided treatment and partner management.
[02] ASHM. Mycoplasma genitalium - Australian STI Management Guidelines
current online guidance; checked 2026. Specimen sites, ongoing contacts, resistance and follow-up.
[03] ASHM. Mycoplasma genitalium - Contact Tracing Guidelines
2022; checked 2026. Per-act probability unknown; condom protection described as likely high.
[04] Swedish club study. Are Swedish swingers a risk group for sexually transmitted infections?
2021; PMID 33427085. 235 club participants; genital Mgen 7.6% in women and 4.3% in men; chlamydia 1.7% overall.
[05] Manhart and colleagues. Mycoplasma genitalium in the US (MyGeniUS): Surveillance Data From Sexual Health Clinics in 4 US Regions
2023; PMID 37402645; DOI 10.1093/cid/ciad405. 1,743 specimens collected in 2020; 16.6% overall, 9.9-23.5% by clinic; selected sample.
[06] NHANES investigators. Prevalence of Mycoplasma genitalium infection, United States, 2017-2018
2021; PMID 33560093. 3,945 urine samples, ages 14-59; weighted prevalence 1.7% (95% CI 1.1-2.7).
[07] Tully and colleagues. A newly discovered mycoplasma in the human urogenital tract
1981; PMID 6112607. Original Mgen isolation report; DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92461-2.
[08] Horner and colleagues. Should we be testing for urogenital Mycoplasma hominis, Ureaplasma parvum and Ureaplasma urealyticum?
2018; PMID 29924422. European STI Guidelines Editorial Board position; DOI 10.1111/jdv.15146.
[09] Statens Serum Institut. Ureaplasma urealyticum and U. parvum DNA: diagnostic guidance
updated 2 June 2026. Danish guidance: common carriage; selected indications; approximately 40% of healthy men and 40-50% of healthy women.
[10] CDC. Urethritis and Cervicitis - STI Treatment Guidelines
2021; checked 2026. Differential diagnosis; no established role for Ureaplasma in cervicitis; avoid indiscriminate testing.
[11] Robertson and colleagues. Proposal of Ureaplasma parvum sp. nov. and amended description of U. urealyticum
2002; PMID 11931172. Taxonomic separation; DOI 10.1099/00207713-52-2-587.
[12] Xiao and colleagues. Extensive horizontal gene transfer in ureaplasmas from humans questions the utility of serotyping for diagnostic purposes
2011; Journal of Clinical Microbiology. Original genomic study; introduction documents 1954 discovery and organism biology.
SOURCES 13-24
Click a title to open the primary paper or official guidance. Numbers throughout the guide link here. Historical studies are labeled; publication year is not a claim that the estimate is current.
[13] CDC. Chlamydial Infections - STI Treatment Guidelines
2021; checked 2026. Treatment, specimen selection, 60-day US partner lookback and three-month retesting.
[14] ASHM. Chlamydia - Contact Tracing Guidelines
2022; checked 2026. Coarse per-act estimate under 5%; high condom protection; Australian six-month lookback.
[15] Tang and colleagues. Studies on the etiology of trachoma with special reference to isolation of the virus in chick embryo
1957; PMID 13461224. Historical primary isolation work on ocular chlamydia, not a date of STI emergence.
[16] CDC. Gonococcal Infections Among Adolescents and Adults
2021 guideline; checked 2026. Anatomical sites, ceftriaxone, 60-day notification, pharyngeal test of cure and retesting.
[17] ASHM. Gonorrhoea - Contact Tracing Guidelines
2022; checked 2026. Coarse condomless per-act range 20-50%; oral transmission and two-month lookback.
[18] US FDA. FDA approves two oral therapies for uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhea
12 December 2025. Zoliflodacin and gepotidacin approvals; not blanket approval for throat or rectal infections.
[19] US FDA. Drug Trials Snapshot: NUZOLVENCE
2025 approval; checked 2026. Zoliflodacin indication and pivotal trial context.
[20] Posada and colleagues. Population genetics of the porB gene of Neisseria gonorrhoeae: different dynamics in different homology groups
2000; volume 17, pages 423-436. Primary population-genetics study; historical introduction records 1879 identification.
[21] CDC. Syphilis - STI Treatment Guidelines
2021; checked 2026. Stages, testing interpretation, partner windows and presumptive treatment within 90 days.
[22] ASHM. Syphilis - Contact Tracing Guidelines
2022; checked 2026. Early infectious syphilis risk and lesion-dependent barrier coverage.
[23] CDC, Emerging Infectious Diseases. Historical perspective on syphilis discovery and treatment
2023; volume 29, number 10. 1905 organism identification and the 1943 penicillin treatment milestone.
[24] CDC. Trichomoniasis - STI Treatment Guidelines
2021; checked 2026. Prevalence, validated specimens, treatment, current partners and repeat testing.
SOURCES 25-36
Click a title to open the primary paper or official guidance. Numbers throughout the guide link here. Historical studies are labeled; publication year is not a claim that the estimate is current.
[25] Nitschke. Trichomonas vaginalis infestation in the male
1936; DOI 10.1001/jama.1936.02770270014004. Historical primary clinical paper records the organism's 1836 description.
[26] Sikat and colleagues. Metronidazole chemotherapy for Trichomonas vaginalis infections
1962; PMID 13992804. Early treatment study; DOI 10.1001/jama.1962.03050480010003.
[27] CDC. HIV Risk Reduction Tool: About the Data
current online methods; checked 2026. Per-act baseline estimates and modeled effects of consistent condom use.
[28] CDC. Undetectable = Untransmittable
current guidance; checked 2026. Sustained viral suppression prevents sexual HIV transmission.
[29] CDC. Clinical Guidance for PrEP
current guidance; checked 2026. About 99% reduction in sexual acquisition when taken as prescribed; clinical monitoring.
[30] CDC. Clinical Guidance for PEP
2025 guidance; checked 2026. Start as soon as possible and no later than 72 hours; 28-day treatment and follow-up.
[31] CDC. Clinical recommendation for injectable lenacapavir as HIV PrEP
2025; MMWR 74. Six-monthly prevention option; eligibility and follow-up remain clinician-directed.
[32] HIV.gov. A Timeline of HIV and AIDS
historical record; checked 2026. 1981 recognition, identification of HIV and advances in antiretroviral therapy.
[33] CDC. How Do I Know if I Have HIV? - HIV Risk Reduction Tool
current information; checked 2026. Typical test windows; medication use can change a testing plan.
[34] CDC. Genital Herpes - STI Treatment Guidelines
2021; checked 2026. Lesion PCR, serology limitations, suppression, pregnancy and partner counseling.
[35] Corey and colleagues. Once-daily valacyclovir to reduce the risk of transmission of genital herpes
2004; PMID 14702423. 1,484 couples; eight-month acquisition 1.9% versus 3.6%; DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa035144.
[36] CDC/NCHS. Prevalence of HSV-1 and HSV-2 in persons aged 14-49: United States, 2015-2016
2018; Data Brief 304. Historical national seroprevalence: HSV-1 47.8%, HSV-2 11.9%; not shedding or site-specific risk.
SOURCES 37-48
Click a title to open the primary paper or official guidance. Numbers throughout the guide link here. Historical studies are labeled; publication year is not a claim that the estimate is current.
[37] Fiddian and colleagues. Oral acyclovir in the treatment of genital herpes: preliminary multicenter trial
1982; PMID 7048920. Early randomized antiviral treatment evidence; DOI 10.1016/0002-9343(82)90118-8.
[38] CDC. Human Papillomavirus Infection - STI Treatment Guidelines
2021; checked 2026. Vaccination, screening, clinical management and partner communication.
[39] CDC. Pink Book: Human Papillomavirus
online edition; checked 2026. Biology, cancer association, vaccine history and persistence.
[40] CDC/NCHS. Prevalence of HPV in adults: United States, 2011-2014
2017; Data Brief 280. 2013-2014 genital DNA prevalence: any HPV 42.5%, high-risk types 22.7%, ages 18-59.
[41] Winer and colleagues. Condom use and the risk of genital human papillomavirus infection in young women
2006; PMID 16790697. Prospective study of consistent condom use; DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa053284.
[42] CDC. Hepatitis B Virus Infection - STI Treatment Guidelines
2021; checked 2026. Transmission, immune markers, chronic management and vaccination.
[43] CDC. Clinical Testing and Diagnosis for Hepatitis B
current guidance; checked 2026. Triple-panel screening: HBsAg, anti-HBs and total anti-HBc.
[44] CDC. STI Treatment Guidelines: Table 7, HBV postexposure prophylaxis
2021; checked 2026. Vaccine and HBIG by source and immune status; sexual PEP window unlikely to exceed 14 days.
[45] CDC. Pink Book: Hepatitis B
online edition; checked 2026. 1965 antigen discovery, vaccine milestones and adult immune response.
[46] CDC. Hepatitis C Virus Infection - STI Treatment Guidelines
2021; checked 2026. Blood-related transmission, sexual risk contexts and RNA testing.
[47] CDC. Clinical Care of Hepatitis C
2025; checked 2026. Direct-acting antivirals cure more than 95% in typical 8-12-week courses.
[48] Choo and colleagues. Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome
1989; PMID 2523562. Original HCV identification; DOI 10.1126/science.2523562.
SOURCES 49-60
Click a title to open the primary paper or official guidance. Numbers throughout the guide link here. Historical studies are labeled; publication year is not a claim that the estimate is current.
[49] CDC. Pink Book: Hepatitis A
online edition; checked 2026. Biology, infectious period, vaccine history and postexposure prevention.
[50] CDC. Hepatitis A Vaccination
current guidance; checked 2026. Vaccination and exposure management within two weeks.
[51] CDC. About Monkeypox
current online overview; checked 2026. 1958 laboratory identification, 1970 first recognized human case and disease context.
[52] CDC. How Monkeypox Spreads
2025/2026 online guidance. Close-contact and material transmission; barrier coverage limitations.
[53] CDC. Vaccine for Monkeypox Prevention in the United States
updated 2026; checked 26 October. Two-dose JYNNEOS; postexposure timing and contemporary effectiveness ranges.
[54] CDC investigators. Estimated effectiveness of JYNNEOS vaccine in preventing mpox
2023; MMWR 72. 12-jurisdiction case-control study; two-dose adjusted effectiveness 85.9% (95% CI 73.8-92.4).
[55] CDC. Tecovirimat for Treatment of Monkeypox
updated 2026. No demonstrated clinical recovery benefit in uncomplicated trial populations; selected severe-risk access.
[56] CDC. Signs and Symptoms of Monkeypox
22 January 2026. Monitor 21 days; possible presymptomatic spread; infectious until lesions fully heal.
[57] CDC. About Shigella Infection
current information; checked 2026. Fecal-oral transmission, symptoms and susceptible populations.
[58] CDC. Preventing Shigella Infection
current information; checked 2026. Sexual-contact prevention, soap-and-water hygiene and two-week post-diarrhea pause.
[59] CDC. Treatment of Shigella Infection
current information; checked 2026. Supportive care, selective antibiotics and avoiding antimotility drugs with bloody diarrhea.
[60] CDC, Emerging Infectious Diseases. Etymologia: Shigella
2009; DOI 10.3201/eid1503.e11503. Historical account of the 1897 identification of the dysentery organism.
SOURCES 61-72
Click a title to open the primary paper or official guidance. Numbers throughout the guide link here. Historical studies are labeled; publication year is not a claim that the estimate is current.
[61] CDC. STI Screening Recommendations
current table; checked 2026. Age-, anatomy- and exposure-specific screening; selected groups benefit from 3-6-month intervals.
[62] CDC. About STI Risk and Oral Sex
current information; checked 2026. Oral transmission varies by infection; genital-only testing is not an all-site assessment.
[63] CDC. Doxycycline Postexposure Prophylaxis for Bacterial STI Prevention
2024; MMWR 73. Population-specific evidence and recommendations; resistance and monitoring considerations.
[64] CDC. Condoms - HIV Prevention
current guidance; checked 2026. Correct use, compatible lubrication and barrier coverage limitations.
[65] CDC. Laboratory Recommendations for Syphilis Testing
2024; MMWR 73. Treponemal versus nontreponemal tests; historical antibodies are not a measure of current infectiousness.
[66] CDC. Clinical Testing and Diagnosis for Hepatitis C
current guidance; checked 2026. Antibody with reflex RNA; current infection differs from prior exposure or cure.
[67] CDC. Clinical Features of Monkeypox
14 January 2026. Symptoms, severe-risk groups, lesion progression and urgent complications.
[68] CDC. Primary and Secondary Syphilis - STI Treatment Guidelines
2021; checked 2026. Penicillin treatment and clinical/serologic follow-up.
[69] CDC. Neurosyphilis, Ocular Syphilis, and Otosyphilis
2021; checked 2026. Urgent specialist evaluation for eye, ear or neurological symptoms.
[70] CDC. Human Papillomavirus Vaccination
current recommendations; checked 2026. Vaccination prevents new infection; routine/catch-up schedules and shared decision-making.
[71] CDC. Hepatitis B Prevention and Control
current guidance; checked 2026. Vaccination, sexual and household contact prevention.
[72] CDC. Mycoplasma genitalium: About Mgen
current patient guidance; checked 2026. Established STI; asymptomatic spread, complications and clinical follow-up.